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Major points
A solution is a homogeneous mixture, a mixture in which the components are uniformly intermingled. This means that a sample from one part is the same as a sample from any other part. The substance present in the largest amount is called the solvent, and the other substance or substances are called solutes. For example, when we dissolve a teaspoon of sugar in a glass of water, the sugar is the solute and the water is the solvent. Aqueous solutions are solutions with water as the solvent. Because they are so important, in this chapter we will concentrate on the properties of aqueous solutions. |
Major Points
In this chapter we will look carefully at the properties of gases. First, we will see how measurements of gas properties lead to various types of laws—statements that show how the properties are related to each other. Then we will construct a model to explain why gases behave as they do. This model will show how the behavior of the individual particles of a gas leads to the observed properties of the gas itself (a collection of many, many particles). The study of gases provides an excellent example of the scientific method in action. It illustrates how observations lead to natural laws, which in turn can be accounted for by models. |
Major Points
Reactions are what chemistry is really all about. Recall from Chapter 6 that chemical changes are actually rearrangements of atom groupings that can be described by chemical equations. These chemical equations tell us the identities (formulas) of the reactants and products and also show how much of each reactant and product participates in the reaction. |
Major Points
In this chapter we will study some common types of reactions that take place in water, and we will become familiar with some of the driving forces that make these reactions occur. We will also learn how to predict the products for these reactions and how to write various equations to describe them. |
Major Points
To understand the behavior of natural materials, we must understand the nature of chemical bonding and the factors that control the structures of compounds. In this chapter, we will present various classes of compounds that illustrate the different types of bonds. We will then develop models to describe the structure and bonding that characterize the materials found in nature. |
Major Points
The concept of atoms is a very useful one. It explains many important observations, such as why compounds always have the same composition (a specific compound always contains the same types and numbers of atoms) and how chemical reactions occur (they involve a rearrangement of atoms). 11.1 Rutherford's Atom Remember that in Chapter 4 we discussed the idea that an atom has a small positive core (called the nucleus) with negatively charged electrons moving around the nucleus in some way. This concept of a nuclear atom resulted from Ernest Rutherford's experiments. |
Chapter 4 - Chemical Foundations: Elements, Atoms, and Ions
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Major Points
Elements are represented by symbols that usually consist of the first one or two letters of the element’s name. Sometimes, however, the symbol is taken from the element’s original Latin or Greek name. 4.1 The Elements In studying the materials of the earth (and other parts of the universe), scientists have found that all matter can be broken down chemically into about 100 different elements. |
Chapter 3 - Matter
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Major Points
Matter can exist in three states — solid, liquid, and gas—and can be described in terms of its physical and chemical properties. Chemical properties describe a substance’s ability to undergo a change to a different substance. Physical properties are the characteristics a substance exhibits as long as no chemical change occurs. 3.1 Matter Matter, the “stuff” of which the universe is composed, has two characteristics: it has mass and it occupies space. [...] Read more >> |
Chapter 2 - Measurements and Calculations
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Major Points
A quantitative observation is called a measurement. A measurement always consist of two parts: a number and a unit that tells us the scale being used. Both parts are necessary to make the measure measurement meaningful. 2.1 Scientific Notation To show how very large or very small numbers can be expressed as the product of a number between 1 and 10 and a power of 10. Scientific notion is a method for making [...] Read more >> |
Chapter 1 - Chemistry: An Introduction
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Major Points
Chemistry is the science that deals with materials of the universe and the changes that these materials undergo. Chemistry is often called the central science. Branches of Chemistry
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